Apple Gadgets

Apple iPad Mini To Be Released In October

          

    Apple is ready to release the new iPad Mini in October 2012. The company will have two separate press events later this year, one for the iPhone 5 in September and one for the iPad Mini in October. For your info, the new iPad Mini features a 7.85-inch touchscreen display.

 Stay tuned for more updates. [PCLaunches].

Apple Introduces New iPad With Retina Display

           Apple has announced the availability of the new iPad that features a 9.7-inch Retina display with a 2048×1536 pixels resolution. The tablet is powered by a more powerful dual-core A5X processor, a quad-core graphics chip and a 5-megapixel “iSight” camera that can record Full HD (1080p/30fps) movies. This camera features a five-element f/2.4 lens, a BSI sensor and the digital image stabilization. Available in black or white, the new Apple’s iPad will be released on March 16th, 2012 for $499 upwards, depending on the model. [Apple]

Apple TV 3.0 Released

        Apple has finally released the new Apple TV 3.0. Powered by a single Core A5 processor, the new generation of Apple TV supports 1080p output and includes a completely redesigned UI that looks more like iOS. The Apple TV 3.0 enables you to wirelessly access your content from iCloud, Photo Stream, iTunes, and Netflix on your widescreen TV. The new Apple TV 3.0 is priced at $99. [Apple]

AU Optronics To Supply Apple With 7.85-inch Displays

          According to rumors, AU Optronics is one of the suppliers that will supply Apple with 7.85-inch displays for the upcoming iPad mini. Apple will begin production of the 7.85-inch iPad Mini in the third quarter of 2012. The Apple iPad Mini will retail for between $249 to $299.

 Stay tuned for more updates. [Ubergizmo]

Upcoming iPad 3 With Retina Display

       Word has it that Apple will launch their new iPad 3 in early 2012. This upcoming tablet will feature an HD retina display with a 2048 x 1536 resolution display. As a comparison, the current Apple’s iPad 2 only has a 1024 x 768 display screen. Apple’s suppliers have already shipped small quantities of components for the sampling of the iPad 3. Suppliers said that Apple has placed orders for a 9.7-inch screen device. Stay tuned for more updates. [The Wall Street Journal]

2011 Apple Mac Mini

         The 2011 Apple Mac Mini is currently available on the Apple Store with prices starting from $599. The new Mac mini is powered by a choice of 2.3GHz or 2.5GHz dual-core Intel Core i5, or a faster 2.7GHz dual-core Intel Core i7 processor. The gadget also features a discrete AMD Radeon HD graphics processor with 256MB of GDDR5 memory, and the new Thunderbolt technology. For your info, the Thunderbolt technology provides two 10-Gbps channels for data transfer, supporting up to 12 times faster than FireWire 800 and up to 20 times faster than USB 2.0. You can daisy-chain as many as six Thunderbolt peripherals, including the new Apple Thunderbolt Display. Other specs include the latest 802.11n wireless technology designed to automatically connect to your Wi-Fi network, a built-in SD card slot, Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI, Mini Display port, four USB 2.0 ports and Firewire 800.

Apple Thunderbolt Display

Apple Today released the world’s first Thunderbolt display. The Apple Thunderbolt Display features a high-resolution 2560-by-1440 LED-backlit display, a FaceTime HD camera, a high-quality audio, three USB 2.0 ports, a FireWire 800 port, a Gigabit Ethernet port, and a Thunderbolt port for daisy-chaining additional high-performance devices. In case you didn’t know, the Thunderbolt I/O technology allows you to move data between your devices and your computer with unprecedented speed. With two channels of 10-Gbps throughput in both directions, it is up to 20 times faster than USB 2.0 and up to 12 times faster than FireWire 800. The new Apple Thunderbolt Display is priced at $999 each.

Apple Introduces Updated Time Capsule

             Apple has quietly updated the capacity of its Time Capsule  network attached storage devices, with 2TB and 3TB options, replacing 1TB and 2TB drives in the previous model. The Time Capsule is a revolutionary backup device that works wirelessly with Time Machine in Mac OS X Leopard or later. The device automatically backs up everything, so you never have to worry about losing your important files. The Time Capsule also functions as a 802.11n Wi-Fi base station, which operates in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands simultaneously. The 2TB model retails for $299, while the 3TB model is priced at $499.For more Details [Apple].

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Gadgets

Pyro Android 4.0 ICS Tablet

         Chinavasion has recently added a new Android 4.0 ICS tablet to its product page. Called the Pyro, the device sports a 10.1-inch 1024 x 552 capacitive multi-touch display, a 1.0GHz Cortex-A8 processor, a 1GB DDR3 RAM, an 8GB of flash storage, a microSD card slot (up to 32GB), a 0.3MP front-facing camera, 1080pFull HD video playback support, WIfi, an HDMI port, a built-in speaker, a 5000mAh rechargeable battery and runs on Android 4.0.4 ICS OS. The Pyro can be yours for just $154.99.

Green House GH-SC2000-8AW Portable Solar Charger

          Green House will release the white version of its portable solar charger, the GH-SC2000-8AW. As part of the GH-SC2000-8A series, this travel-friendly device is equipped with a USB port, LED lights that illuminate the hand, a built-in 2000mAh Lithium polymer battery and comes with 8 different adaptor tips. The GH-SC2000-8AW will start shipping from late August for 3,680 Yen (about $47). 

Icy Dock MB981U3S-1S USB 3.0 & eSATA Hard Drive Docking Station

          Icy Dock hits back with their new USB 3.0 & eSATA hard drive docking station, the MB981U3S-1S. This new docking station comes with both USB 3.0 and eSATA connection interfaces, and provides one SATA slot for 2.5-inch & 3.5-inch HDD/SSD. Unfortunately, there’s no word on pricing yet.

Cube U20GT Dual Core Android 4.0 ICS Tablet

Cube is offering you their latest Android 4.0 ICS tablet, the U20GT Dualcore. Priced at $209.99, the device sports a 9.7-inch 1024 x 768 IPS capacitive multi-touch display, a 1.60GHz Rockchip RK3066 Cortex-A9 dual-core processor, a Mali-400 GPU, a 1GB DDR3 RAM, a 16GB of flash storage, a microSD card slot (up to 32GB), dual cameras (2.0MP front, 2.0MP back), 1080p Full HD video playback support, Flash 11.1 support, 3G dongle support, WiFi, Bluetooth, a mini HDMI port, a 7600mAh battery and runs on Android 4.0.4 ICS OS. 

Netbook Navigator NAV9i Slate PC

Netbook Navigator has announced the availability of the NAV9i slate PC. Powered by a fast 1.5GHz dual core Intel Atom N550 processor, the tablet is equipped with a 9.7-inch capacitive multi-touch LCD display with a 1024×768 pixel resolution, a 2GB of DDR3 SDRAM, two USB 2.0 ports, a Mini-HDMI port, a microSD card slot and a SIM card slot. Other specs include a 1.3-megapxel front-facing webcam for video calls, built-in speakers and a 3-Core 2800mAh Li-Ion battery. Measuring 9.7-inch x 6.8-inch x 0.6-inch and weighing 0.6 pounds, the Netbook Navigator NAV9i slate PC is available in a 16GB, a 32GB, 64GB or a 128GB of storage capacity. 

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What is OSI model

OSI model:-

       The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a prescription of characterizing and standardizing the functions of a communications system in terms of abstraction layers. Similar communication functions are grouped into logical layers. 

         The layers are

                    Layer 7: Application Layer 

                    Layer 6: Presentation Layer 

                    Layer 5: Session Layer 

                    Layer 4: Transport Layer 

                    Layer 3: Network Layer 

                    Layer 2: Data Link Layer 

                    Layer 1: Physical Layer

What is the OSI Model

         The OSI model is a framework for network communications. The OSI model is the fundamental model  for developing proper network communications. Consisting of 7 layers the OSI model frames communication from the Physical Media all the way to the Application (envision a web browser). Message traffic moves up and down the OSI model depending on the purpose of the message.

1. Physical Layer- This is the media you use to communicate by use of RS-485/Ethernet ect..
2. Data Link Layer- This is the subnet communication or for example the communication of MS/TP on a field bus.
3. Network Layer- This is typically were your supervisory devices lie and is where IP messages exist and route outside of the local subnet.
4. Transport Layer- This is where the data verification exist for communication. Typically when you are transferring code or you are logging into a system the verification of the transport is made at the Transport layer.
5. Session Layer- This is where the conversation is initiated. Often times two supervisory devices will create a session to discuss. As you learn more about TCP and UDP you will learn that UDP is a connection-less protocol essentially it just sends out data. Our control systems usually require verification of commands as such our systems rely on TCP sessions.
6.Presentation Layer- This is where the data is taken and formulated into view-able information. Often times this is when the raw BACnet/IP data shifts into a view-able data format whether that be ASCII or UNICODE. Additionally the presentation layer can translate data into XML which is utilized by the majority of the web based building automation systems.
7.Application Layer- Here programs run to visually present and physically interact with the data from the previous layers. Typically building automation systems will use applications built around the HTTP or SNMP protocols. Additionally applications can create FTP connections between one another to transfer data this is often seen in high level peer to peer supervisory communication.

 OSI Layer Model for concentrators

Hubs/Repeaters are found in the Physical Layer.

Switches /Bridges/Wireless Access Point are found in the Data Link Layer.

Routers are found in the Network Layer.

Gateway are found in All 7 of the OSI Layers.

Brouter(Bridge Router) are found in both the Data Link and Network Layer.

How does the OSI model work?

How the data transfer one system to another System?

                         ......... For more information click it

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Data Flow in the OSI Model

how the data flow one system to another system in OSI model?

         The OSI model presents a standard data flow architecture, with protocols specified in such a way that the receiving layer at the destination computer receives exactly the same object as sent by the matching layer at the source computer. Figure A.2 shows the OSI model data flow.

            The sending process passes data to the application layer. The application layer attaches an application header and then passes the frame to the presentation layer.The presentation layer can transform data in various ways, if necessary, such as by translating it and adding a header. It gives the result to the session layer.

The presentation layer is not aware of which portion (if any) of the data received from the application layer is the application header and which portion is actually user data, because that information is irrelevant to the presentation layer's role.

The process of adding headers is repeated from layer to layer until the frame reaches the data link layer. There, in addition to a data-link header, a data-link trailer is added. 

The data-link trailer contains a checksum and padding if needed. This aids in frame synchronization. The frame is passed down to the physical layer, where it is transmitted to the receiving computer.On the receiving computer, the various headers and the data trailer are stripped off one by one as the frame ascends the layers and finally reaches the receiving process.

more information about OSI Model click this link

   OSI Layer Configuration

OSI OSI 7 Layer Model

7. Application Layer - DHCP, DNS, FTP, HTTP, IMAP4, NNTP, POP3, SMTP, SNMP, SSH, TELNET and NTPmore)

6. Presentation layer – SSL, WEP, WPA, Kerberos,

5. Session layer – Logical Ports 21, 22, 23, 80 etc…

4. Transport - TCP, SPX and UDP

3. Network - IPv4, IPV6, IPX, OSPF, ICMP, IGMP and ARPA

2. Data Link- 802.11 (WLAN), Wi-Fi, WiMAX, ATM, Ethernet, Token Ring, Frame Relay, PPTP, L2TP and ISDN-ore)

1. Physical-Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Optical Fiber, SONET/SDN,Coaxial Cable, Twisted Pair Cable and Connectors (more)

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Network Means

What is network ?

           A network is any collection of independent computers that communicate with one another over a shared  network medium.A computer network is a collection of two or more connected computers. When these computers are joined in a network,Users can share files and peripherals such as modems, printers,tape backup drives, or CD-ROM drives.

Requirements Of a Network:-

1.At least two computers Server or Client workstation.

2.Networking Interface Card's (NIC)

3.Medium, (usually a wire or cable, wireless communication).

4.Network Operating system software(Windows, Novell NetWare, Unix and Linux).
5.Protocols

Types of Network:-

      There are mainly divided into 3 types.There are 1.LAN

                                                                              2.MAN

                                                                              3.WAN

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Requirements Of Network

Network Inteface Controller :-

       A network interface controller (also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network

The NIC may use one or more of four techniques to transfer data:

Polling is where the CPU examines the status of the peripheral under program control.

Programmed I/O is where the microprocessor alerts the designated peripheral by applying its address to the system's address bus.[dubious – discuss]

Interrupt-driven I/O is where the peripheral alerts the microprocessor that it is ready to transfer data.

Direct memory access is where an intelligent peripheral assumes control of the system bus to access memory directly. This removes load from the CPU but requires a separate processor on the card.

Medium:-

Transmission Media:

A transmission medium (plural transmission media) is a material substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) that can propagate energy waves. For example, the transmission medium for sound received by the ears is usually air, but solids and liquids may also act as transmission media for sound.

A transmission medium can be classified as a:

Linear medium, if different waves at any particular point in the medium can be superposed;

Bounded medium, if it is finite in extent, otherwise unbounded medium;

Uniform medium or homogeneous medium, if its physical properties are unchanged at different points;

Isotropic medium, if its physical properties are the same in different directions.

Medium are mainly divided in to 2 types

                                      1.Guided Medium

                                      2.Un-Guided Medium

Guided Medium:-

       These are mainly divided into  1.Fiber

                                                    2.Co-axial

                                                    3.Twisted

                                                           1.UTP

                                                           2.STP

UN-Guided Medium:-

       These are mainly divided into   1.Infrared

                                                     2.RF(Radio Frequency)

Types of Network Equipment:-

Hubs provide a central location for attaching wires to workstations. There are two types: passive and active.

Switches connect devices to host computers and allow large numbers of these devices to share a limited number of ports.

Routers are protocol-dependent devices that connect sub-networks or divide a very large network into smaller sub-networks.

Repeaters use regeneration and retiming to ensure that signals are transmitted clearly through all network segments.

Bridges are used to interconnect local or remote networks. They centralize network administration.

Gateways can interconnect networks with different, incompatible communications protocols.

Multiplexers combine multiple signal inputs into one output.

Transceivers connect nodes and send and receive signals.

They are sometimes called medium access units (MAU).

Firewalls safeguard a network against unauthorized access.

Other network devices such as wireless access points (WAP) and modular platforms are also available.

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